Method and means of prestressing



Oct. 28, 1958 A. wERTH 2,857,755

METHOD AND MEANS OF PRESTRESSING Filed July 22, 1955 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 jloAM VifmrH INVENTOR.

1 v I r 5 BY- *m wyffl AT 0/? [y Oct. 28, 1958 Filed July 22, 1953 A. WERTH METHOD AND MEANS 0F PRESTRESSING 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR. flan/:4 M ER 7'H BY h Oct. 28, 1958 A. WERTH METHOD AND MEANS OF PRESTRES'SING 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed July 22, 1953 INVENTOR. flo/w Vl mn/ A 7'0 IVE) United States Patent METHQD AND MEANS OF PRESTRESSING Adam Werth, Brooklyn, N. Y.'

Application July 22., 1953, Serial No. 369,665

11 Claims. (Cl. 72-61) This invention relates to a novel system of prestressing concrete and like structures.

The use of prestressed concrete, to date, has not enjoyed the wide and varied application to which it is entitled largely because of the difficulties and shortcomings in the prior art prestressing methods. These prestressing methods, although differing in the manner in which the prestressing force is applied, possess one basic feature in common which hampers applicability in industry. This basic feature entails the external application of the prestressing force to the particular structure involved.

For the sake of clarity, the following terms shall have the indicated meanings in the present application.

Prestressing.dentes the action upon a structure of applied forces calculated to impart stresses of suflicient magnitude to permanently neutralize undesirable stresses of opposite sign due to load.

Prestressing unit.-defines tensile unit to which prestressing force is applied.

Anchor.denotes the means by which the prestressing force is transferred from the tensile unit to the structure.

Structure.defines structures and structural members, units, elements or portions thereof.

Concrete structure.defines a structure made of concrete or any other material capable of withstanding compressive forces.

Gr0ut.defines any hydraulically compressible material used for the filling of cavities in structures.

In order to illustrate the shortcomings of the prior art prestressingmethods as compared to the efiiciency and efficaciousness of the present novel prestressing methods and means therefor, a rsum of the principal features of prior art prestressing methods is given as follows:

Type 1. Pre-tensi0ning.T he prestressing force is applied externally to the prestressing units, positioned inside of the forms prior to the pouring or casting of the concrete.

Type 2. Post-tensioning at anchor terminals.The structure is poured monolithically, i. e., in one continuous operation, or is formed by assembling prefabricated members, and wherein cavities, if used, are left for the prestressing units only. The prestressing force'is then applied externally to the prestressing unitsat terminals only, or at terminals and intermediate anchors, by means of removable mechanical tools or devices, such as jacks and wrenches. In order to apply prestressing force at the intermediate anchors, the latter have to be made accessible by means of temporary openings in the structure. Such openings subsequently have to be filled.

Type 3. Post-tensioning at j0ints.The structure is divided by joints into two or more portions and is held together by prestressing units only, which units are placed in cavities and anchored in the concrete. The prestressing force is applied externally at the joints by means of jacks, pressure pilows, cells, etc., or by gravity action. The joints have to be filled in after the structure is prestressed. In some systems the prestressing devices remain in the structure permanently. This circumstance does not alter the fact that the structure is prestressed externally.

2,857,755 Patented Oct. 28, 1958 It is an object of the present invention to provide a simplified, more economical and more efiicient method of prestressing concrete and similar structures capable of withstanding compressive forces.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a process and system for internally prestressing such structures.

A further object of the present invention is the provision of a method and mechanism therefor of internally prestressing such structures in which the application of the prestressing force and the anchorage of the prestressing units are combined in a single unit operation.

Another object of the present invention is a method for simultaneously tensioning and anchoring by the activation of internal prestressing means connected to an elongated prestressing unit at least partially within concrete and similar structures, and also to the provision of apparatus therefor.

A further object is a method and system for tensioning, anchoring and bonding a prestressing unit to concrete or the like involving internal prestressing thereof.

Another object is the obtention of novel pre-stressed structural members resulting from the application of said novel methods and arrangements.

A principal feature of the present invention relates to a process for tensioning or prestressing internally a reinforcing member disposed at least partially within a structure capable of withstanding compressive forces which comprises introducing a material under pressure internally Within said structure to activate tensioning means disposed therein and connected to said reinforcing member, and applying tension internally thereby to said reinforcing member to stress the same within the structure. The invention relates also to a system or arrangement therefor.

Another practical aspect of the present invention relates to introducing under pressure a hardenable material into said internal tensioning means sufficient to stress said internal reinforcing member, and permitting said material to harden therein whereby said reinforcing member remains permanently under tension.

Other and additional objects, advantages and features of the present invention will be manifested in the following detailed description and claims taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification.

As indicated, the present novel system of prestressing possesses as a fundamental feature that the prestressing force is applied internally, i. e., within the structure itself, by means of either hydraulic power transmission or expansible agents acting in the interior of the structure. (Although this specification shall deal with hydraulically prestressed structures, the present invention shall not be so confined.) By reason thereof, the structure can be poured or cast monolithically, or may be formed by assembling prefabricated members; no external openings and no joints need be left for the application of prestressing force. Since the device or devices of the present invention for applying the prestressing force forms an integral part of the prestressed structure, all subsequent construction, such as the filling in of accesses, joints or temporary openings between component parts of the final structure, is obviated also; Furthermore, the prestressingdevices may be positioned and operated at any point within the structure with equal ease. The nature of the internal prestressing device is such that any member thereof may be placed along the trace of a prestressing unit. This advantage permits of varying the prestressing along the structure in accordance with the magnitude of undesirable stresses of opposite sign due to load which it is desired to overcome. It is possible to achieve a saving in the amount of prestressing units therefore,

The essential means of applying internal prestressing to concrete structures and the like is afforded by an arrangement hereinafter designed as stress anchor. The stress anchor is in function a combination of two devices that have been separately used in the external prestressing systems known and utilized previously which are the device for the application of prestressing force (jacks, pressure cells, etc.) and the device providing anchorage for the prestressing unit. The design of a stress anchor is in principle that of a hydraulic jack. Its one part, the cylinder, is embedded in the concrete structure or other wise aflixed thereto; its other part, the piston, is attached to the prestressing unit or units. It is to be understood that the terms cylinder and piston shall in no way restrict the possible sectional shapes or materials of the two parts; they are merely derived by analogy with hydraulic jacks in strictly a functional sense. For example, any chamber or cavity permitting piston travel is suitable as the cylinder. Thus, a stress anchor tensions the prestressing unit by virtue of the mechanical principle underlying the hydraulic jack. The piston travel, which corresponds to the elongation produced in the prestressing unit, is effected through means of fluid under pressure,.

an expansible agent, or by grout or any other hydraulically compressible material. The prestressing unit is anchored when the piston is prevented from traveling back to its original position. Anchorage is secured in the stress anchor by maintaining the hydraulic pressure on the piston head, by using grout like, which upon hardening prevents piston return or efiectively limits such, or by fastening the piston against the end of the cylinder by a nut and threads, or some similar arrangement, such as welds, rivets, bolts, keys, wedges, plugs, rings, springs, etc., or by a combination of any of these means known in the art.

These stress anchors can be attached in any number to and at any point along a given prestressing unit; hence prestressing force can be introduced at any point of a prestressing unit.

Another feature of the stress anchors are combined devices which are designed individually according to the magnitude of the prestressing force required to the elongation of the prestressing unit and to the special functions they can perform, as well as to the particular construction material used and to the space that is available. Hence a great variety of stress anchors may be anticipated. However, all the variations in function and design derive from their basic function of combining the tensioning and the anchoring of the prestressing unit.

The details of the operation and the design of stress anchors are best described by the accompanying drawings, wherein the prestressing units are shown as uncurved wire strands. This is merely an illustrative presentation. The prestressing units of the instant invention may be cables, strands, bars or groups of bars, any other tensile member, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the prestressing unit or units may be so curved as to yield a desired stress pattern in the structure.

Referring more particularly to the drawings,

Fig. 1 is a schematic longitudinal part sectional view of the arrangement for internal prestressing according to the present invention;

Fig. 2 is similar and shows a modification or variation of the system in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a similar view utilizing two stress anchors;

Figs. 4-7 are similar views and depict various modifications utilizing double stress anchors.

Figure 1 shows a simple arrangement of internal prestressing by means of a stress anchor. It presents a concrete or like structure 1 which may be formed by pouring the concrete, for example, upon a prestressing unit 2 which is attached or anchored at one end by means of anysuitable type of anchor 3, including all types of stress anchors, and at the opposite end by means of a stress anchor. There is necessary at least one tensioning means. Although in some designs it may be advisable to tension from both extremities of the tensile unit, this is not necessary. With the use of one stress anchor, anchorage at the other extremity of the tensile unit may easily be obtained. Where the tensile unit consists of wires, for example, the concrete may be poured around a portion of the wires. This anchoring method eflectuates bond, or holding resistance. The stress anchor at the other extremity comprises a cylinder 4, which is embedded in the structure, a piston 5, which is attached to the prestressing unit 2 and slidably mounted inside cylinder 4, and a hollow piston rod 6, through which the prestressing unit 2 passes. The pressure chamber 7, i. e., the fluidtight space between the bottom of cylinder 4 and piston 5, is connected by means of a conduit 8 with an external hydraulic power source. A hydraulically compressed fluid is conducted through conduit 8 into pressure chamber 7 so as to move piston 5. The travel of the piston is checked either by means of a control gage 9 or by means of a pressure outlet 10. The latter is located so as to communicate with pressure chamber 7 when the piston has moved through a predetermined distance; the emerging fluid from outlet 10 indicating that the prestressing operation is completed. The bydraulically compressed fluid used in this embodiment is grout or any other hardening substance which, after being kept under pressure a short time, prevents the piston 5 from moving back once the pressure is discontinued, thus anchoring the prestressing unit 2 permanently.

Figure 2 essentially differs from Figure l insofar as the prestressing unit 2 is shown passing through an elon gated passage 11. The length of piston rod 6 is such as to correspond with the required displacement of piston 5. When this displacement has been attained, as shown in Figure 2, the opening 12 in cylinder 4 permits access of grout to passage 11, whence the grout eventually passes through the outlet 13 to the exterior, thereby signalling that the prestressing and grouting of prestressing unit 2 and passage 11, respectively, have been completed. Thus, the hardened grout not only furnishes anchorage, but also effects bond between the structure and the prestressing unit and provides protection of the latter against corrosion. Hence, in this embodiment of the instant invention resides yet another advantage over prior art, inasmuch as what are three separate operations in other systems, i. e., stressing, anchoring and bonding, have been combined into a single operation.

Figure 3 shows an internal prestressing arrangement utilizing two stress anchors: the end anchor comprising cylinder 4 and piston 5 and the intermediate anchor comprising cylinder 14 and piston 15. The intermediate an chor divides the prestressing unit into two units: prestressing unit 2 between pistons 5 and 15, and prestressing unit 20 between piston 15 and anchor 3. This arrangement is generally used if the required sectional area and prestressing force of unit 20 is greater than that of unit 2, or if friction losses along the prestressing unit are great enough to warrant offsetting by the application of prestressing force at intermediate points along the trace of the prestressing unit. For the tensioning of units 2 and 20, grout under pressure is led simultaneously through conduits 8 and 18 into pressure chambers 7 and 17, respectively. When piston 5 attains its final position, as shown in Fig ure 3, grout flows from pressure chamber 7 through outlet 19 into passage 11 and finally emerges from outlet 13. Similarly, grout passes from pressure chamber 17 through opening 22 into passage 21 and then emerges through outlet 23. The emergence of the grout indicates that the tensioning of the prestressing units 2 and 20 and the grouting operation are completed. Anchorage is achieved with the hardening of the grout.

The following figures illustrate some additional examples of the possible variations of stress anchor designs.

Figure 4 depicts a double stress anchor which might be completion of the prestressing operation. anchor the prestressing unit, grout or the like is to be diflerent fluids and of different hydraulic pressures for tensioning. Conduits 28 and 38 lead the compressed fluids into pressure chambers 27 "and 37, respectively, While outlet 29 serves as a safety valve, indicating the In order to used in either one of the pressure chambers, at least in the final prestressing stage.

Another type of double stress anchor, which might be termed a line anchor, is presented in'Figure 5. This embodiment of the instant invention serves in general the same purpose as the stress anchor shown in Figure 4. The principal criterion for the use of one or the other is that of dimension: line anchors usually require a greater length but a smaller diameter than concentric anchors. In Figure the two cylinders 44 and 54 are separated by a partition 50 through which a piston rod 56 connects the two pistons 45 and 55. By simultaneous introduction of compressed fluid into pressure chambers 47 and 57 prestressing is applied until piston 55 attains its final position, thus permitting the fluid to emerge from outlet 59.

The compressed fluid in at least one of the pressure chambers must be grout or the like if anchorage of prestress- ..ing unit 2 is to be secured. Should grouting of passage 11 also be desired, grout or the likeshall be used in pressure chamber 47, which communicates with passage 11 once piston rod 46 has wholly passed by opening 42.

Figure 6 illustrates astress anchor with direct access -to the exterior. Anchorage of the prestressing unit 2 in this embodiment can be affected by screwing a nut on the threaded piston 65 after it has moved beyond the open end of the chamber under the influence of the material under pressure. This nut transmits the anchoring force to cylinder 64 which is embedded in structure 1. After the nut 69 has been securely tightened, pressure chamber .67 may be emptied and refilled with grout or the like.

It is readily apparent that instead of the use of a nut piston 65 may be secured to cylinder 64 by the use of a weld ,or by other simple mechanical means known in the art without incurring departure from the principles underlying the design of this type of stress anchor. It is also apparent that the access to nut 69 may be reduced to a shallow passage to admit a small tool by means of which the nut can be tightened. Further, without introducing substantial changes in the design the piston maybe made to lock automatically by means of simple gadgets which are operated by the moving piston or by overflowing .liquid. Finally, for the sake of clarity, it is to be pointed out that the provision of an access to the stress anchor .in no way violates the principles of internal prestressing:

the prestressing force is still applied internally, i. e., inside the stress anchor itself, which in turn is an integral part of the final structure.

Figure 7 presents a double stress anchor which possesses the additional attribute of being able to serve as a splicing means for two adjacent prestressing units 72 and 82. This splicing stress anchor comprises a common cylinder 74, two pistons 75 and 85, two pressure chambers 77 and 87 and two conduit means 78 and 88. By leading fluid under pressure into pressure chambers 77 and 87, respectively, prestressing units 72 and 82, respectively, are tensioned. The tensile force is transmitted through common cylinder 74 from one prestressing unit to the other; therefore, cylinder 74 performsalso the function of splicing the prestressing units 72 and 82. Anchorage in this simple embodiment may be eflected by the use of grout or the like as the compressed fluid: after hardening, the grout prevents the pistons from moving back.

-Theforegoing detailed description of my novel system of internal prestressing using stress anchors lends ternal prestressing systems;

External prestressing Internal prestressing Type '1. Pre-tensioned Structures:

a. Restricted to relatively small structures.

Type 2. Structures Post-tensioned at Anchor Terminals:

12. .Special equipment for prestressing required, such as jacks, adapters, etc

c. In practice, prestressing units have to be adapted merit; hence, they are restricted in size. Largest units that have been used have a capacity of about 50 tons. A great number of units are required even for a relatively small structure. A 'two lane, ft. span highway bridgeior H 20S16 44 loading requires a total prestressing'force of about 2800 tons, i. e., 54 units of 60 tons-each. -d. Prestressing units are necessarily dispersed over the concrete section.- Hence they require much space and therefore necessitate great concrete sections.

12. Much space is required at the ends of the prestressing units for accommodation of jacks. This circumstance often causes design diificulties.

In longer units the elongation becomes greater than the rise of the jack; hence additional measures are required to effect temporary anchorage while "the 'jacks are re-set.

In general, the prestressing force is applied to the prestressing units at end terminals only. The application of prestressing force at intermediatepo'ints is often impossible and always complicated and expensive.

it. Units are prestressed successively. This circumstance requircs special at- V tention lest unallowable stresses be introduced into the structure. The process of prestressing a structure with many units requires much time and hence becomes relatively expensive.

Type 3. Structures Post-Tensioned at Joints:

1'. The structure has to'be divided into two or more portions by means of open joints, which must be connected or closed after completion of prestressing.

are likely to occur from time to time.

1:. Owing to the special requirements described under (1') and (j) above, additional material, labor and, especially, time are consumed.

standardized equip- Applicable to both small and-large structures.

No special equipment required; jacks are integral parts of the stress anchors.

Prestressing units are wholly built up individually. Their capacity is unrestricted; any quantity of wires, wire .strands or bars may be assembled as a single unit. Therefore, for the bridge cited, eventually only 4 units oi'700 tons capacity each are required.

Concentrated prestressing units which require relatively little space, thus permitting the concrete section to be dimensioned relatively small.

No space needed outisde the structure for application -of prestressing. In many cases design is Stress anehors'are-always so built and designed as to accommodate the total elongation. Hence prestressing is accomplished in a single operation; thereis no delay incurred by a need to set and reset jacks.

Stress anchors may be placed at any point along the prestressing unit and hence force can be introduced wherever desired without any complication and in an inexpensive manner. Simple differential prestressing is the result.

All unitsor groups of units may be prestressed simultaneously by mutually coupling the stress anchors through hydraulic pressure intercommunication. Thus uniform prestressing is achieved and the operation is executed relatively quickly.

The whole structure is poured or cast monolithically, i. e. in a single operation or entirely formed at the outset by assembling prefabricated members. No subsequent work is necessitated.

The whole structure is poured or cast in its final position. No displacement takes place, except for the relatively small elastic compression of the concrete. The many times greater elongation of the prestressing units is wholly taken up by the stressanchor. All precision Work is done in the machine shop. Even for the machine shop, however, the order of work required for the stress anchor is ordinary, simple and inexpensive. Since the stress anchors are new and checked before they leave the shop, there is a large safety factor against failures.

Less material and less labor,

skilled and unskilled, are requircd. The speed of construction is thereby increased.

7 While the invention has been described with reference to various examples and embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled. in the art that various modifications may be made and equivalents substituted therefor, without departing from the principles and true nature of the present invention.

Having thus described the invention what is claimed is:

1. A process for producing a predetermined state of stress in a structural member of high compressive strength reinforced with a reinforcing tensile member and for anchoring the latter which comprises embedding within said structural member a combined stressing and anchoring means forming an integral part of said structural member, said means comprising a cylinder and a piston slidably mounted therein so as to form a pressure chamber, said piston being connected to one end of said reinforcing member, the other end being afilxed within said structural member, introducing a hydraulically compressed fluid into said pressure chamber sufficiently to move said piston and produce a predetermined tension in said reinforcing member, and maintaining pressure on said piston permanently so as to hold said reinforcing member permanently in tension and produce a permanent predetermined stress in said structural member.

2. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said cylinder has an open end and the piston extends beyond said open end after tensioning said reinforcing tensile member, and the piston is maintained under pressure by mechanically aflixing said piston at the open end of the cylinder, thereby anchoring said reinforcing member permanently in tension and said structural member in compression.

3. A process for producing a predetermined state of stress in a concrete or similar structural member of high compressive strength reinforced with a reinforcing tensile member and for anchoring the latter therein which comprises atfixing one extremity of said reinforcing member within said structural member, the other extremity being attached to a piston, said piston being slidably mounted in a cylinder within said structural member so as to form a pressure chamber, said chamber having inlet means extending to the exterior of said structural member, introducing through said inlet means a hardenable material under pressure into said pressure chamber so as to move said piston and apply a predetermined tension in said reinforcing member, and maintaining said hardenable material under pressure until it has hardened, thereby holding said reinforcing member permanently in tension and producing a permanent predetermined stress in said structural member.

4. A process in accordance with claim 3 wherein said hardenable material is grout.

5. A process for internal tensioning and anchoring of an elongated tensile unit constituting a reinforcement of a structural member which comprises arranging, within said structural member, said tensile unit and at least one stressing means attached thereto comprising a cavity and a piston slidably mounted therein, said cavity having outlet means to the exterior of said structural member and located so as to permit said piston to move under pressure through a predetermined distance along said cavity, introducing a fluid hardenable material under pressure to move said piston sufliciently to stress said tensile unit and until excess quantities of said hardenable material have passed into said outlet means, maintaining the pressure on said material until it has hardened, thereby anchoring said stressed tensile unit.

6. A process for tensioning, anchoring and bonding of an elongated tensile reinforcing member placed in a passage extending within a structural member which comprises arranging at least one fluid-operable stressing means within said structural member and which is connected to one extremity of said tensile reinforcing member in said passage, the other extremity of which is anchored within said structural member, introducing to said stressing means a hardenable fluid material under pressure to activate said stressing means and stress said reinforcing member, flowing said material under pressure from said stressing means to substantially fill the passage containing said reinforcing member, and permitting said material to harden whereby saidreinforcing member remains permanently under tension and is bonded to said structural member.

7. A concrete structural member of high compressive strength, an elongated high strength metallic tensile unit constituting a reinforcement of said structure and passing at least partially therethrough, one end of said unit being embedded within said member adjacent one extremity thereof and being positively anchored therein, the opposite end of said tensile unit being integrally connected with a piston, the diameter of said piston being substantially greater than the diameter of said unit, said piston being disposed within a cylinder, said cylinder being embedded completely within said structural member and positioned toward the opposite extremity thereof, an elongated passage extending from said cylinder to a point adjacent the anchored end of said unit, the major portion of said elongated unit being disposed within said passage, a filling conduit extending from exteriorly of said structural member into said cylinder on the side of said piston to which said unit is connected, an exhaust conduit leading from said cylinder to the exterior of said member, said exhaust conduit communicating with said cylinder intermediate the length thereof, said elongated unit being in a highly tensioned condition and said piston occupying a position within said cylinder adjacent to the end of said cylinder and which is disposed toward said opposite extremity of said member, said exhaust conduit thereby communicating with the interior of said cylinder on the unit connected side of said piston, a hardened material filling said cylinder between the piston and the end of the cylinder away from said opposite extremity, said material maintaining said unit in its highly tensioned condition, the position of said exhaust conduit relative to the end of said cylinder away from said opposite extremity determining the degree of tension imparted to said unit and the degree of compression imparted to said member, said tension being imparted to said unit as the result of said filling material being forced into said cylinder through said filling conduit in a fluid state and forcing said piston toward said opposite extremity.

8. A concrete structural member in accordance with claim 7 wherein a second cylinder concentric with and larger than said first-mentioned cylinder is connected to the latter and forms an extension thereof towards said opposite extremity within said structural member, said second cylinder having a piston mounted therein concentric with and larger than said first-mentioned piston, and a filling conduit extending from exteriorly of said structural member into said second cylinder on the side of said second piston towards said first-mentioned cylinder.

9. A concrete structural member in accordance with claim 7 wherein a second cylinder is connected to said first-mentioned cylinder by an end wall which is common to both cylinders at least in part, said second cylinder forming an extension between said first-mentioned cylinder and said tensile unit, said second cylinder having a piston disposed therein, said second piston being connected with the opposite end of said tensile unit on the side adjacent thereto and being connected on the opposite side of said second piston to said first-mentioned piston by a piston rod extending through said end wall, and a filling conduit extending from exteriorly of said structural member into said second cylinder on the side of said second piston connected to said unit.

10. A concrete structural member of high compressive strength, an elongated high strength metallic tensile unit constituting a reinforcement of said structure and passing at least partially therethrough,.one end of said unit being embedded within said member adjacent one extremity thereof and being positively anchored therein, the opposite end of said tensile unit being integrally connected with a piston, said opposite end having an enlarged portion adjacent the piston, the diameter of said piston being substantially greater than the diameter of said unit, said piston being disposed within a cylinder, said cylinder being embedded completely within said structural member and positioned toward the opposite extremity thereof, an elongated passage communicating with said cylinder and extending to a point adjacent the anchored end of said unit, the major portion of said elongated unit being disposed within said passage, an exhaust conduit communicating with said passage and leading to the exterior of said member, a filling conduit extending from exteriorly of said structural member into said cylinder on the side of said piston to which said unit is connected, said elongated unit being in a highly tensioned condition and said piston occupying a position within said cylinder adjacent to the end of said cylinder and which is disposed toward said opposite extremity of said member, said exhaust conduit thereby communicating with the interior of said cylinder on the unit connected side of said piston through said passage, a hardened material filling said cylinder between the piston and the end of the cylinder away from said opposite extremity and filling said passage and-said exhaust conduit, said material maintaining said unit in its highly tensioned condition and effecting bond in said passage between said unit and said member, the length of said enlarged portion determining the degree of tension imparted to said unit and the degree of compression imparted to said member, said tension being imparted to said unit as the result of said filling material being forced into said cylinder through said filling conduit in a fluid state and forcing said piston toward said opposite extremity.

11. A concrete structural member in accordance with claim 10 wherein at least one additional cylinder and piston mounted therein are positioned along the length of said unit, said additional piston being integrally connected to said tensile unit.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 393,037 Smith Nov. 20, 1888 825,866 Rogers July 10, 1906 922,530 Shoemaker May 25, 1909 2,226,201 Freyssinet Dec. 24, 1940 2,413,911 Dobell Jan. 7, 1947 2,413,990 Muntz Jan. 7, 1947 2,596,495 Mercerata May 13, 1952 2,727,293 Barnett et a1. Dec. 20, 1955 2,781,658 Dobell Feb. 19, 1957 FOREIGN PATENTS 628,773 Great Britain Sept. 5, 1949 501,781 Belgium Mar. 31, 1951 656,240 Great Britain Aug. 15, 1951 694,596 Great Britain of 1953 

